Fig. 24

Normalized diameter (i.e. diameter divided by the logarithm of the size) plotted against the size on a semi-log scale for the cases of the a (u, v)-flower, b real networks. On subplot a the coloring is based on the u parameter of the model. The insets are showing the semi-log plots of the normalized average path length plotted against the size of the network. The difference between the distribution of normalized diameter and the normalized average path length of the fractal and non-fractal real networks are statistically significant (Mann–Whitney U rank test’s p-value: \(7.66\cdot 10^{-6}\) and \(1.19\cdot 10^{-5}\)). The results for the other models, as well as an R-value-based illustration of the real networks, can be found in the supplementary material (Zakar-Polyák et al. 2022b)