Fig. 13

Marginal node Katz centrality plots of the 36 largest German cities with valid GTFS data. Central stops are marked red and non-central stops are marked blue. The entries in all supra-adjacency matrices are weighted with travel times and frequencies. The hyper-parameters are chosen as \(\alpha =0.5/\lambda _{\mathrm {max}}\), \(\sigma =5\), and \(\Delta t_{\mathrm {transfer}}=5\) for all cities. The street networks in the background of the plots are created with the OSMnx python package (Boeing 2017)