Fig. 4

Illustration of how DMDS (direction-aware multi-dimensional scaling) works. Left: d(A,C)=2 with d(A,B)=d(B,C)=1 from definition (2) so that the MDS would give a linear configuration. Right: d(A,C)=d(A,B)=d(B,C)=1, which would give a triangular configuration