Fig. 5

Teleconnections in the Earth’s climate. The figure is adapted from Figs. 1 and 7 of Ref. Hlinka et al. (2013), and slightly simplified. Panels A and B show regions where the ground temperatures are highly correlated. The dots marking the most representative grid point. Panels C and D show Granger causality links between these regions. I.e., an arrow from region i to j means that the temperatures at i are correlated to those at j if they are shifted forward in time. We omit regions without arrows