Table 2 Characteristics of the third party in corruption networks
From: Democratizing corruption: a role structure analysis of Indonesia’s “Big Bang” decentralization
Facilitator | Guarantor | Advisor | |
|---|---|---|---|
Structure of the network | Open or closed | Open | Closed |
Position of third party | Fully inside the chain of command within the boundaries of the public sector (lowest–middle–top-level officials) | Public official or private actor | Public official or private actor |
Role of third party | Accomplice of the superior | Acts as a guarantee (i.e. the transaction goes solely through the third actor) | The third party connects the other actors, but the other parties are also connected to each other |
Profit for third-party services | No direct profit (e.g., monetary payment) for third party from higher-level official (i.e., unreciprocated profit transfer) | Yes, e.g., as a broker, receives profit from the private actor and at the same time, receives transfer profit from client to top-level official in exchange for policy approval/project | Yes, gains profit (monetary payment) as a reward from external party who needs information and other services related to the transaction |
Relational model | Always authority-ranking relation (AR) | Can be communal sharing, equality matching, market pricing, or a combination of these | Can be communal sharing, equality matching, market pricing, or a combination of these |