Fig. 8

Comparison of the four different matrix function-based centralities at the example of marginal node centralities of Cologne. Central stops are marked red and non-central stops are marked blue. The entries in the supra-adjacency matrix are weighted with travel times and frequencies. The parameters are set to \(\alpha =\beta =0.5/\lambda _{\mathrm {max}}\), \(\sigma =5\), and \(\Delta t_{\mathrm {transfer}}=5\). The street network in the background of the plots is created with the OSMnx python package (Boeing 2017)