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Table 3 Pooled SAOM to investigate international migration flows by the global South/North divide (1990–2015)

From: Global dynamics of international migration systems across South–South, North–North, and North–South flows, 1990–2015

 

North–North networks

South–South networks

North–South networks

Estimate (S.E.)

Estimate (S.E.)

Estimate (S.E.)

Rate parameters

 Period 1

4.116

(0.436)

18.569

(0.700)

10.324

(0.442)

 Period 2

5.533

(0.562)

18.120

(0.701)

9.324

(0.418)

 Period 3

4.088

(0.439)

10.557

(0.405)

5.011

(0.249)

 Period 4

4.383

(0.468)

12.605

(0.484)

5.272

(0.256)

Network endogenous effects

 Outdegree

− 4.280***

(0.377)

− 2.557***

(0.156)

− 4.815***

(0.106)

 Reciprocity

2.787***

(0.235)

3.101***

(0.106)

1.955***

(0.055)

 Transitive triads (030T)

0.120***

(0.021)

0.053***

(0.003)

 Transitive recipr. triads (120C)

− 0.108***

(0.032)

− 0.037***

(0.005)

 Cyclic triads (030C)

0.004

(0.042)

0.026***

(0.007)

 GWDSP mixed-star

− 0.078***

(0.010)

 GWDSP in-star

0.053***

(0.008)

 Indegree—popularity (sqrt)

0.852***

(0.141)

0.600***

(0.032)

0.520***

(0.028)

 Outdegree—popularity (sqrt)

− 0.717***

(0.180)

− 0.883***

(0.050)

− 0.154***

(0.032)

 Outdegree—activity (sqrt)

0.236***

(0.051)

0.099***

(0.015)

0.222***

(0.012)

MST linkages

 Common language

0.785***

(0.208)

0.335***

(0.035)

0.607***

(0.058)

 Contiguous border

0.960***

(0.169)

1.688***

(0.204)

1.235***

(0.292)

 Same region

0.107

(0.111)

0.603***

(0.045)

1.052***

(0.103)

 Shared IGO

0.137

(0.124)

0.371***

(0.051)

0.288***

(0.095)

 GDP—inflows

− 0.028

(0.044)

0.142***

(0.018)

− 0.004

(0.020)

 GDP—outflows

0.029

(0.041)

− 0.170***

(0.021)

− 0.027

(0.019)

Other controls

 Old age dependency—inflows

0.009

(0.010)

0.002

(0.006)

0.003

(0.004)

 Old age dependency—outflows

− 0.026***

(0.009)

− 0.015**

(0.006)

− 0.015***

(0.004)

 Population—inflows

0.181**

(0.077)

0.055***

(0.015)

0.092***

(0.019)

 Population—outflows

0.122

(0.063)

0.037**

(0.015)

0.162***

(0.018)

 Coups—inflows

0.632

(− 2.634)

− 0.636***

(0.148)

0.233

(0.298)

 Coups—outflows

− 1.651

(2.524)

0.146

(0.142)

− 0.017

(0.205)

Goodness of fit

 Indegree or inflows

0.896

0

0.044

 Outdegree or outflows

0.067

0.026

0

  1. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tailed tests)