Table 1 Experimental data sources for concentrations and related literature in AD. The concentrations parameters of individual genes involved in the cellular pathways of Alzheimer’s disease were adapted from experimental studies listed here.
Protein/gene | Experiment | Region | Model | Concentration | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Diseased | |||||
TNFα | EIA assay | CSF | Humans | 22.3 + 9.5 pg/ml | 96.3 + 9.1 pg/ml | (Mogi et al. 1994) |
Tau | Sandwich ELISA | CSF | Human (in vitro) | 288 ± 160 pg/mL | 728 ± 432 pg/mL | (Kester et al. 2009) |
Aβ42 | Sandwich ELISA | CSF | Human (in vitro) | 845 ± 222 pg/mL | 459 ± 170 pg/mL | (Kester et al. 2009) |
Calcium | Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP MS) | Serum | Human (in vitro) | 7.2 ± 2.6 μg/L | 8.1 ± 2.1 μg/L | (Paglia et al. 2016) |
APP | SDS PAGE followed by western blotting and densitometric scanning | Hippocampus | Human (in vitro) | 0.98 ± 0.32 per 5.0 μg protein | 1.92 ± 0.57 per 5.0 μg protein | (Davidsson et al. 2001) |
αS | Newly developed bead based xMAP technology assay | CSF | Human (in vitro) | 67 ng/L | 94 ng/L | (Hansson et al. 2014) |
IL-6 | Commercial plate-based ELISA | Plasma | Human (in vitro) | 1.622 ± 0.806 pg/mL | 2.343 ± 1.379 pg/mL | (Wu et al. 2015) |
NOS | Assayed by measuring conversion of arginine to citrulline | Microvessels | Human (in vitro) | 10.0 ± 2.4 nmol/min/mg | 44.7 ± 5.5 nmol/min/mg | (Dorheim et al. 1994) |
GSK-3 | EIA assay | Post Synaptosomal supernatant | Human (in vitro) | 156.41 ± 12.07 pmol phosphate incorporated/mg protein/min | 160.78 ± 29.6 pmol phosphate incorporated /mg protein/min | (Pei et al. 1997) |