Fig. 5

Relative concentration differences in major AD/PD proteins during normal condition and variations during TNFα signalling. a Relative concentration differences of major proteins involved in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and insulin signalling related to AD and PD in control condition. A slight increase in the level of TNF-α and its surface receptor TNFR1 in the initial stage was observed but decreased gradually with time. The insulin concentration was at a constant level. A sudden decrease in the level of excess glutamate and decrease in excess calcium influx. The activation of microglial rate and P38 level was comparatively low and rate of αS concentration was also consistent when compared to disease conditions. Both ROS formation and cell death rate were also negligibly less during the control conditions. b The relative concentration difference in TNFα, glutamate and rate of cell death in disease states. High concentration levels of TNFα and glutamate were observed compared to normal conditions. The feedback loops involved in TNFα release and microglial activation led to an increase in the concentration level of TNFα and glutamate from both astrocyte and microglia. Attributed to an increase in these factors, a high rate of cell death may be predicted in disease conditions