Fig. 3

TNFα induced oxidative stress lead to apoptosis in AD and PD. The oxidative pathway in the disease condition involved the role of TNFα signalling in creating oxidative stress was mapped to molecular pathways involved in AD and PD. Major mutated/misfolded protein involved in neurodegeneration such as Aβ, αS, tau which could form tangles, plaques and Lewy bodies inside the cell, may lead to the formation of ROS and create oxidative stress inside the cell disturbing other cellular reactions and signalling pathways, sharing common pathways leading to neurodegeneration. The protein aggregation and its oligomers could initiate activation of microglia and release of TNFα that may increase ROS and oxidative stress in the cell. Elevated ROS may activate microglia and astrocytes further leading to cell death and inflammation creating a feed-forward loop of neurodegeneration observed both in AD and PD conditions